农田残膜机械回收膜土分离模型的建立与仿真试验

为明确农田残膜机械回收过程中膜土分离机理，基于土壤接触理论及土壤黏附力学，建立残膜与土壤颗粒的接触模型和残膜与土壤颗粒间黏结合力变化的数学模型。利用EDEM软件，进行0.01、0.02、0.03 mm厚度残膜与黏附土壤剥离剪切仿真试验。拟合结果表明，0.01、0.02、0.03 mm残膜厚度下，膜土分离剪切力与剥离剪切位移均呈三次方关系，决定系数分别为0.805 9、0.872 2、0.878 4；对台架验证试验结果进行拟合，决定系数分别0.793 2、0.854 8、0.869 0，相对误差最大值为13.77%。     

颗粒肥料离散元仿真摩擦因数标定方法研究

对分体圆筒法、倾斜法、抽板法和斜面法4种颗粒特性测试方法进行Plackett-Burman多因素显著性筛选试验,试验方差分析结果表明,不同的测试方法影响测量结果的显著因素与因素显著程度。根据分体圆筒法、倾斜法和斜面法的方差分析结果,提出一种基于颗粒物料整体特性的摩擦因数标定方法,将仿真试验与真实试验相结合,依次标定出尿素颗粒与PVC材料间静摩擦因数为0. 41,颗粒间静摩擦因数为0. 36,颗粒间滚动摩擦因数为0. 15。将所标定的摩擦因数采用无底圆筒法进行验证试验,休止角仿真试验结果为30. 57°,真实试验结果为31. 74°,相对误差为3. 69%,不同含水率下的实际试验休止角与所标定摩擦因数下的仿真休止角相对误差均不大于4. 59%,仿真试验结果与真实试验结果无显著差异,验证了所标定摩擦因数的有效性。本方法可用于其他颗粒状物料间摩擦因数的标定试验。     

深厚覆盖层上混凝土防渗墙服役性能分析

【目的】研究混凝土面板砂砾石坝防渗墙的应力变形及实际防渗效果,为高寒地区深厚覆盖层类似工程的设计与施工提供依据。【方法】以青海省纳子峡混凝土面板砂砾石坝为研究对象,在防渗墙施工及运行初期(2012-05-2018-01)对其进行应力监测、变形监测、渗流监测,对所得监测数据进行统计分析,进而评价防渗墙的实际工作状态。【结果】纳子峡混凝土面板砂砾石坝防渗墙各测点应力及变形表现稳定,在施工期防渗墙钢筋的应力变化因受地面施工等因素影响主要承受拉应力,且向上游侧倾斜;在水库运行期间(2014-09-2018-01),墙体受到来自上游的水压力,主要承受压应力,且向下游侧倾斜;布置在墙体上游侧的渗压计渗透压力远大于下游侧各测点,表明防渗墙防渗效果良好,渗透压力受测孔孔内水位影响,且随库水位表现出一定的周期性变化规律,库水位每抬升(或下降)1 m,墙体下游侧各测点渗透压力增加(或减小)约0.6 kPa。【结论】纳子峡大坝混凝土防渗墙在其施工及运行初期应力变形较为稳定,防渗效果良好,能为大坝的安全提供保障。     

6种喷雾助剂对3种药剂表面张力与接触角的影响

为达到农药减施增效的目的,将6种喷雾助剂(强力源、柔水通、有机硅、阿普顿、怀农特、倍创)与3种药剂(70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂、5%阿维菌素乳油、1.3%苦参碱水剂)混配,测定混配后药液的表面张力和接触角变化,分析药液表面张力和接触角的关系。结果表明,添加不同质量浓度的6种喷雾助剂均能降低药液的表面张力,其中,有机硅、强力源、怀农特降低3种药剂表面张力的效果最好,柔水通、阿普顿次之,倍创效果最差。有机硅、柔水通、强力源、怀农特降低3种药剂接触角的效果最好,阿普顿次之,倍创效果最差。分析了3种药剂在添加不同质量浓度的6种喷雾助剂后药液的表面张力与接触角余弦值的关系,结果显示,二者呈显著(P<0.05)负相关关系。综上,合理选用喷雾助剂有助于提高农药的利用率。研究结果可为田间施药和进一步研发喷雾助剂提供数据支持。     

Estimating the level of disease risk and biosecurity on commercial poultry farms in New Zealand

ABSTRACT

Aims: To collect baseline data on the contact risk pathways and biosecurity practices of commercial poultry farms in New Zealand, investigate the relationship between the farm-level disease contact risks and biosecurity practices, and identify important poultry health concerns of producers.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of all registered New Zealand commercial poultry operations was conducted in 2016 collecting information on farm demographics, biosecurity practices, and contact risk pathways. Survey responses were used to generate an unweighted subjective disease risk score based on eight risk criteria and a subjective biosecurity score based on the frequency with which producers reported implementing seven biosecurity measures. Producer opinions towards poultry health issues were also determined.

Results: Responses to the survey response were obtained from 120/414 (29.0%) producers, including 57/157 (36.3%) broiler, 33/169 (19.5%) layer, 24/55 (44%) breeder, and 6/32 (19%) other poultry production types. Median disease risk scores differed between production types (p?<?0.001) and were lowest for breeder enterprises. The greatest risk for layer and broiler enterprises was from the potential movement of employees between sheds, and for breeder enterprises was the on- and off-farm movement of goods and services. Median biosecurity scores also differed between production types (p?<?0.001), and were highest for breeder and broiler enterprises. Across all sectors there was no statistical correlation between biosecurity scores and disease risk scores. Producers showed a high level of concern over effectively managing biosecurity measures.

Conclusions: The uptake of biosecurity measures in the commercial poultry farms surveyed was highly variable, with some having very low scores despite significant potential disease contact risks. This may be related to the low prevalence or absence of many important infectious poultry diseases in New Zealand leading farmers to believe there is a limited need to maintain good biosecurity as well as farmer uncertainty around the efficacy of different biosecurity measures. Further research is needed to understand barriers towards biosecurity adoption including evaluating the cost-effectiveness of biosecurity interventions.     

植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油，本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照，以柑橘木虱为试虫，分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用，其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强，可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用，拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上，植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果，可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

Being exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr has detrimental effects on the mobility of Trogoderma granarium

BACKGROUND

Sublethal effects of insecticides may negatively affect several biological and behavioral traits of insects. The lethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr have been previously showed on Trogoderma granarium, but little knowledge is available about their sublethal effects at low concentrations on both sexes. Herein, the sublethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr on the mobility of T. granarium males and females were investigated.

RESULTS

Lethal concentration (LC) values of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr were lower for T. granarium females than males. LC values on males were LC₁₀ = 0.000788 and 0.00139 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00350 and 0.00535 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00986 and 0.0136 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. LC on females were LC₁₀ = 0.000704 and 0.00110 mg a.i. cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00323 and 0.00428 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00925 and 0.0110 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. The walking duration of beetles exposed to LC₃₀ of pirimiphos-methyl was significantly lower than the individuals exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of both insecticides and control ones. Pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-exposed males remained more time on their back (101.7 s) than females (46.9 s), while the latter stayed immobile longer than males (381.7 s versus 371.9 s). The highest speed was recorded for control beetles (14.17 mm s⁻¹ females vs. 12.44 mm s⁻¹ males), while the lowest speed was observed in pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-treated males (8.36 mm s⁻¹) and females (9.66 mm s⁻¹).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, males and females exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr showed reduced motility. This knowledge can be exploited further to unlock behavioral effects of insecticides for effective pest management programs in warehouses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫、绿盲蝽触杀活性研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是两种重要的经济作物害虫。为寻找一种安全高效的防治新手段,本文对10种中草药提取物触杀活性开展了研究。结果表明,在10种中草药提取物中,苦杏仁杀虫活性最高,药后7 d棉铃虫、绿盲蝽校正死亡率分别为65.4%和100%。发现苦杏仁粗提物经不同溶剂萃取后发现,氯仿萃取时析出物对绿盲蝽触杀活性最高,药后7 d校正死亡率可达96.9%。硅胶柱分离结果表明,流分L36-48具有较高的触杀活性,药后7 d校正死亡率为84.7%。本研究评价了10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫和绿盲蝽的触杀活性,并对苦杏仁有效成分开展了初步的分离鉴定,以期为两种害虫高效安全的新型药剂开发提供理论基础。     

三层实木复合地板弯曲变形原因及控制措施

阐述了三层实木复合地板的结构特点,对其产生弯曲变形的原因进行分析,并结合生产实际提出了三层实木复合地板的质量控制措施。     

6种公路常绿植物叶面特性对滞尘效果的影响研究

通过选择6种具有代表性的道路常绿植物,应用接触角测定仪测定了不同树种叶片的接触角,通过扫描电镜观察比较了6种常绿植物的叶表面形态结构,分析其对滞尘能力的影响。试验结果表明常绿植物叶片正面接触角越大,滞尘能力越小;表面叶孔越多,粗糙度越大,滞尘能力越强。研究成果可为城市绿化树种的选择提供基础依据。